by Dragonborn Comes » Mon May 13, 2013 1:07 pm
Final Exam Review
Body Systems
1. What is the function of the heart?
To pass blood through the body and this is also under the circulatory system
2. What 2 systems work together to maintain body temperature?
Integumentary and excretory work together to keep body temperature right
3. What system produces chemical messengers called hormones?
Endocrine System produces chemical messenger .
4. List the three functions of the skeletal system.
Provides Shape and support, enables you to move and protect your organs
Digestion
5. List examples of physical changes that occur during digestion.
6. List examples of chemical changes that occur during digestion.
7. What is the function of the digestive system?
(this answers questions 5-7)
As food travels through the digestive system of animals, it undergoes a series of physical and chemical changes that break it down to provide energy for cells. Physical changes simply alter the appearance of something. For example, chewing breaks large food molecules into smaller ones. In contrast, chemical changes occur when the chemical make-up of the food particle is changed to create a new substance. During the digestive process, enzymes change carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids into substances that can be absorbed by cells.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate digestion originates in the mouth. The salivary glands secrete saliva, which contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that starts the process of turning the starch found in carbohydrates into a simple sugar. This process is completed in the small intestine when an enzyme, pancreatic amylase, changes starch into the disaccharide maltose, a sugar made of two glucose molecules bonded together. The enzyme maltase splits these two glucose molecules apart. The enzyme lactase breaks down milk sugar, and the enzyme sucrose breaks down table sugar.
Proteins
Protein digestion begins in the stomach. This organ secretes mucus, hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. The mucus protects the stomach lining, and the acid continues to grind the food into smaller particles. Pepsin splits the protein's polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides. Pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine complete protein digestion by breaking the polypeptides into small molecules called amino acids.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are broken down during the digestive process as well. These compounds consist of polymers of nucleotides and serve as a genetic blueprint for cells. Enzymes in the small intestine, the nucleases, sever the nucleotides of the DNA and RNA into nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates.
Fats
Fat digestion begins in the small intestine. Fats are insoluble in water, so the liver produces a digestive juice, bile, that physically breaks fat globules into smaller fat droplets, a process called emulsification. The enzyme lipase splits these fat droplets into fatty acids and glycerol.
8.What energy transformation occurs when an animal eats food so that they can keep warm?
Radiant
Cells
9. What is common in all living things, plant or animal?
They Both Have/Create Reproduction, Need energy, Have cells, Grow, Orginization, Death
10. What is the function of a vacuole?
To Store Energy
11. What two organelles are only in plant cells that are NOT in animal cells?
Chlorosplasts, Chlorophyle
12. What organelle produces energy for the cell?
Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce ect. .
13. What are the levels of organization starting with the smallest unit of life?
Mocules, cell,tissue,Organ, Organ system, Oranism, population,community, economy, Biosphere
Organic Compounds
14. What elements do all organic compounds contain?
All organic compounds contain the element carbon.
Biodiversity
15. What would be the result to the biodiversity if deforestation, pollution, and over hunting occurred?
The effect of all these would cause the population to go down by a lot, it will first of all make animals have to move/ search for suitable/ inhabitable; second reason it would cause something harmful is that the animals will get killed if they drank toxic waste in the water or oil spilled from a river and went downstream to the body of drinking water at a forest for animals. Deforestation would cause the animals to loose homes or a hiding place if other predators came to hunt. Pollution and Population drive animals out of their hometowns and force them to find more land or scatter all over the streets looking for food.
Succession
16. What is a pioneer species?
A pioneer species is a species that is first to establish itself in an area where nothing is growing-or in an area that has been devastated by fire,flood, plowing etc. These species are usually annuals, disappearing after the second year when perennials take over.
17. What is primary succession? What is the pioneer species in primary? What can cause primary?
Lichens and mosses, small herbs and shrubs, pine and spruce, fir and birch., Forest fires, deforestation, natural disasters and last but not least volcanic eruption.
18. What is secondary succession? What is the pioneer species in secondary? What can cause secondary?
Secondary succession is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. Examples include areas which have been cleared of existing vegetation (such as after tree-felling in a woodland) and destructive events such as fires.
Secondary succession is usually much quicker than primary succession for the following reasons:
• There is already an existing seed bank of suitable plants in the soil.
• Root systems undisturbed in the soil, stumps and other plant parts from previously existing plants can rapidly regenerate.
• The fertility and structure of the soil has also already been substantially modified by previous organisms to make it more suitable for growth and colonization.
19. What is an example of a microhabitat at school’s courtyard?
Cells/ bacteria from decay in the grass or a playground with kids germs.
Tropisms
20. What is a geotropism?
Geotropism is gravity
21. If a light source is placed below a plant, what would be the effect on the stem’s growth?
Phototropism is the growth of organisms in response to light. It is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the farthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism. Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, while roots usually exhibit negative phototropism, although gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them
Food Chains/Web/Energy Pyramid
22. In a food web, how is the ecosystem affected if there is an increase in primary consumers?
These consumers would cause overgrowth and then the food/ energy they will need will decrease cause there is to many mouths to feed to where it ends up to where they have to eat babies or new plants and end up making it disappear in that ecosystem. Also it will unbalance other animals because if those consumers die from starvation, then the other animals who feed on those will starve and then cause other animals to over populate cause overgrowth to where it repeats except the whole ecosystem now is a starving habitat
23. What is a decomposer?
Bacteria, Fungi (they decay dead animals from the ground)
24. How much energy flows from one level of the energy pyramid to another?
90 % of the energy moves from one level to another
Photosynthesis
25. What happens to the radiant energy absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?
The energy provided by coal, oil, and gas comes from photosynthesis carried on by plants of earlier times and preserved down through the ages, to be released by combustion in modern industrial processes. Most of the energy released both by the burning of fossil fuels and by the metabolism of living cells is given off as heat and must be replaced by the continued input of radiant energy from the Sun.
Stimulus/Response
26. Give an example of an external stimulus that causes an internal response. Eating something your allergic to; Throwing up
Composting
27. What happens to the energy from materials as they decompose in a compost bin?
It bonds and breaks the chemicals causing heat
Heredity/Genetics/Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
28. Define heredity.
the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring
29. Where are chromosomes found? What does this structure contain? Draw a picture of a chromosome.
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and they contain DNA that withheld the offspring.
30. Binary Fission is a form of asexual reproduction. Draw a picture that shows this form of asexual reproduction.
Selective Breeding and Natural Selection. What is selective breeding? List 3 examples.
Internal/External Adaptations
32. Give an example of an internal adaptation. Give an example of an external adaptation.33. What is the function of gills?
34. List 3 examples of behavioural adaptations.
Survival of the fittest, Animals Defending their young, Preditors being defensive
35. If an organism has no eyes, no camouflage, and highly sensitive sense organs and antenna, where would this organism
likely live?
Dichotomous keys
36. What is the function of a dichotomous key? To identify/classify.
Work
37. What is formula for work? Make up a problem and solve for work.
38. If you exert a force but the object does not move, are you doing work? Why or why not?
39. A person pushes a box up a ramp and does 20J of work. Draw two scenarios in which a person is doing the same amount
of work, but changes the distance and force applied.
ESSAYS:
1. Wildebeest are cow-like animals with horns. They migrate in herds across Africa in search of the grasses they feed on.
Wildebeests are prey for lions. Predict the impact that a drought would have on the Wildebeest population. You should include
information on what the Wildebeest population would have to do in order to survive.
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